ABSORPTION Uptake of an active compound in the body, eg through the gastrointestinal tract or the skin

ADME Preclinical testing of a compound, addressing the properties Absorption and Distribution in the body, as well as Metabolism and
Excretion

AGONIST A compound that has a stimulating effect

ANTAGONIST A compound that has inhibiting/blocking effect

ATHEROSCLEROSIS Atherosclerosis originates from deposits of fatty substances such as cholesterol and calcium. The atherosclerotic process may begin early in life and over time lead to a build-up known as plaque, which hardens as people get older. The consequences are restricted blood flow, specially in arteries and areas where the blood vessels branch. There is
also in creased risk of blood clot formation. When this occurs in the heart, the
result is a heart attack and, in the brain, a stroke. Blood flow in the extremities
may also be restricted, which causes pain during exercise

BIOAVAILABILITY Describes how much an active compound is taken up in the body

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Examples of diseases that fall within this category are congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia (any deviation from the normal sinus rhythm of the heart). Elevated lipids in the blood, hyper-cholesterolemia, is a risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases

CD Candidate drug. A compound which has desired effects in relevant animal
models and which therefore is further developed towards clinical development

CLINICAL STUDY Testing and evaluation of pharmaceuticals in humans

DOUBLE BLIND Neither patient, doctor or nurse in a clinical study is aware
about what is administered to the patient (generally placebo or active compound but can also be other pharmaceuticals for comparison)

DYSLIPIDEMIA Imbalance in lipid/cholesterol metabolism

ER BETA A new form of the estrogen receptor. The discovery of this receptor
can lead to new treatment principles in women’s health care, inflammatory conditions and cancer.

ESTROGEN Female sex hormone

GLUCOCORTICOID The hormone that is the natural ligand to the glucocorticoid receptor hormone and is produced in the adrenal cortex, and thus also referred to as adrenocortical hormone. The hormone regulates the body’s use of carbohydrates, fat and protein and is a normal response to stress

GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR The receptor for glucocorticoid hormone

HORMONE Compound secreted from the body’s glands and transported through the blood to the organ in which it has its effects

HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (HIGH CHOLESTEROL) Elevated levels of blood lipids, cholesterol

HYPERLIPIDEMIA High levels of blood lipids

IND Investigational New Drug Application. An application to the FDA or corresponding authority for permission to start testing a pharmaceutical in human beings

INDICATION Disease and patient category intended for medical treatment

INSULINE Hormone responsible for uptake of blood sugar in tissues

LDL Low Density Lipoprotein particles (the “bad cholesterol”)

LEAD COMPOUND A compound that has the desired activity in vitro and in relevant animal models

LIGAND A substance, for example, a hormone or compound that binds with a
receptor protein

LIPIDS Fat components

LIVER SELECTIVE A compound which preferentially acts in the liver

LXR Liver X Receptor, regulates cholesterol metabolism and is target for new
drugs against atherosclerosis

METABOLIC SYNDROME Collective name for obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2
diabetes and hypertension

NCE New chemical entity

NDA New drug application

NUCLEAR RECEPTORS Receptors inside a cell that bind to ligands (often hormones) and regulate gene transcription

ORPHAN DRUG A drug intended for a rare indication with a great medical need and which receives fast track development status from the authorities and market exclusivity for a number of years

PHARMACOKINETICS Studies of uptake, break down and excretion of pharmaceuticals

PHASE IA A first clinical study phase where the compound is given as a single
dose to healthy volunteers with the primary objective to study safety and
pharmacokinetics

PHASE IB Has the same objective as Phase Ia but with repeated dosing under a
few weeks time

PHASE II First clinical studies in choosen patient category for which the drug is evaluated. The primary objective is to find a dose to secure effect and safety before Phase III studies

PHASE III Clinical studies conducted with a large patient population for which the drug is developed. The primary objective is to assure safety and confirm effect in a large data base of a selected patient category under long time treatment. The aim with this part of clinical development is to assure that the launched product is safe in clinical practice

PLASMA APHERESIS Method for cleaning the blood from excess lipid levels

PPAR "Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor”, which exists in several forms and which is an important target for treatment of type 2 diabetes

PRECLINICAL DEVELOPMENT These tests are required to gain the
permission of the authorities to test the compounds on human beings

PROOF OF CONCEPT Proof for intended effect of a drug in patients

RECEPTOR A protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that recognizes and
binds to ligands, for example, steroid hormones

STAD Selective Thyroid hormone Agonist for treatment of Dyslipidemia

STATIN Drugs used for lowering of elevated levels of blood cholesterol

STRUCTURE BIOLOGY Studies of the structure and function of proteins

STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN Design of novel compounds based on the three-dimensional structure of, for example, a receptor protein

SYNTHESIS Chemical production of a substance

THERAPEUTIC DOSE INTERVAL Dose interval for which a drug is expected to have effect without side effects

THERAPY Disease treatment method

THYROID HORMONE An iodine-containing hormone synthesized and secreted
by the thyroid gland, which is essential for normal metabolic processes and
mental and physical development

TISSUE A collection of cells specialized to perform a particular function. The cells may be of the same type or of different types. Aggregates of tissue constitute organs

TRIGLYCERIDS Fat made up of glycerol and fat acids

TYPE 2 DIABETES A form of diabetes, which develops in adult and often obese
patients